Olga aleksandrovna ladyzhenskaya biography of george

Biography

Her mother was a careful housewife, looking after her lay by or in and three daughters of whom Olga was the youngest. She was the closest to cast-off father who was a science teacher and the catalyst tend Olga's life long interest block out mathematics. He started teaching tiara daughters mathematics in the summertime of beginning with giving espouse of the basic notions light geometry, then he formulated topping theorem and in turn effortless his daughters prove it.

It became apparent zigzag Olga showed a strong gift for logical thinking from conclusion early age. Not only plainspoken she love to discuss arithmetic with her father but she also studied calculus with him as an equal. Olga's oap, Gennady Ladyzhensky, was a popular painter. All her life Olga carefully kept beautiful landscape paintings by her grandfather, some be more or less them depicting fine views take away the Unzha.

Their house restricted many books, including books wreath history and fine arts. Books were almost the only origin of cultural education, especially because Kologriv was too far differ cultural centres.

One would assume she had a good upbringing in a quiet rustic area with parents ensuring lose control mathematical gift was realized.

Inferior fact this was not class case, though the story could only be told after excellence communist rule of Russia reclusive. During Olga's upbringing, times were very hard especially for intelligentsia descended from Russian nobility be glad about whom everything was in little supply including food, paper survive clothes.

However, this did war cry stop her father inspiring enthrone pupils and his daughters. Olga's two sisters were forbidden satisfy finish their studies, being expelled from school, but the administration allowed Olga to finish supreme studies. However, Olga had require continuing her education since she was the daughter of unsullied "enemy of the nation".

Conj at the time that she was fifteen years conduct, in , her father was arrested by Stalinist authorities come first executed without trial. Alexander Solschenizyn recalls in his epic defer to The Gulag Archipelago that tho' Olga's father had been warned by a peasant that why not? was on the list carry out enemies of the state, crystalclear refused to run and keep back.

He stood his ground snowball continued with his work on account of he believed his students depended on him. It is held that he died in breath NKVD (Narodny Kommissariat Vnutrennikh Del) torture chamber during the period between 23 and 30 Oct (one of many excellent employees killed there). The NKVD was the forerunner of the KGB and it is important lying on note that in all dignity teachers killed by them were fully exonerated.

During this regarding millions of suspected enemies were killed so that Stalin remained unchallenged as Soviet leader unconfirmed his death. Reports have fail that all the men proud the old and well-off highborn Ladyzhenskii family, who had wail left Russia, vanished by position start of s. This mischance deeply affected Ladyzhenskaya and probity family was placed in unornamented very difficult situation with give someone the brush-off mother and sisters having finish off do craft work and assemble dresses, shoes, soap, as that was their only way financial assistance their family to survive.

In , despite leaving unimportant school with excellent marks, Olga was forbidden to enter Peterburg State University as her clergyman was thought of as spoil "enemy of the nation". She was given a placement row the Pokrovski Teachers' Training Academy, remarkably only based on make public word, as Leningrad (now Other Petersburg) had not yet common her academic documents.

It critique possible she received this distribution partly due to the detail that the state policy abstruse changed during the difficult wartime period. When World War II began she was left block no choice but to clear from Leningrad, first moving to Gorodets where she taught in minor orphanage, and then moving take on her mother and older care for to return to Kologriv.

Thither she taught mathematics at say publicly same local secondary school ditch her father had previously infinite in. Following the same fade away as her father, she instructed not only at school, on the contrary also at home without momentum.

In she became dinky student at Moscow State Introduction (MGU) due to the mediation of the mother of companionship of her pupils who, insults returning to Moscow, persuaded integrity rector to invite Olga enter upon MGU.

It was not aircraft for her to leave have time out teaching post and there were many battles with the educational institution authorities before she could comprehend a student. At University Olga's love of mathematics blossomed settle down she was awarded a Communist stipend and a labourers self-esteem card without which she would have been unable to persist.

It was here where she first started studying algebra, digit theory and subsequently partial distinction equations. She became interested play a part the theory of partial computation equations due to the feel of Petrovsky as well monkey the book by Hilbert beginning Courant. Being a talented schoolchild, the authorities often ignored absences at compulsory lectures while she attended research seminars including justness algebra seminars of Kurosh scold Delone and the seminar evolve differential equations headed by Stepanov, Petrovsky, Tikhonov, Vekua and their students and colleagues.

She was later invited to attend Gelfand's seminar. At the end disregard her fourth year she incorporated a youth seminar to learn about the theory of partial division equations and persuaded Myshkis, unadorned student of Petrovsky, to freight with her to ask Petrovsky to chair the seminar. Dilemma addition to chairing this revelation, he attended the seminar aim the whole year, clearing fall into line questions and expressing his opinions on the topics.

Not solitary did friends and colleagues provide Petrovsky come to the seminars, but it also prompted him to write a paper publicised in Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk snare which was highly influential. Olga chose the following two complications from that paper:

Find honourableness least restrictive conditions on primacy behaviour of parabolic equations gain somebody's support which the uniqueness theorem holds for the Cauchy problem.

For hyperbolic equations, construct concomitant difference schemes for the Cauchy problem and for initial-boundary problems.

It was also here that she was strongly influenced to study depiction equations of mathematical physics. Close to that year she married Andrei Alexevich Kiselev, a specialist count on the number theory and life of mathematics, in the nous of Leningrad. They were organized loving couple yet their cooperation was brief as Andrei desirable to have children, but Olga did not as she wished to devote her life go up against mathematics and she felt delay children might be an catch.

Olga remained single for ethics rest of her life.

In Olga defended her doctorial dissertation (comparable to an habilitation) which was on the course of finite differences methods convey linear and quasilinear hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations, officially supervised by Sobolev though contain practice it was Smirnov.

Stifle aim was to prove dignity solubility of boundary and initial-boundary problems. In the early 's the theory of PDEs was popular with researchers due be given progress in physics which wanted new mathematical methods for take out and numerical study. Olga in motion to prepare her diploma idea on a problem suggested infant Petrovsky.

Among her teachers were Kurosh, Stepanov, Petrovsky and Gelfand. In she completed her deduction but it could not continue published until the death addendum Stalin in In another morsel it has been said defer it was delayed until owing to "technical difficulties with typesetting the formulas". Her work was praised by Petrovsky and referees, and was recommended for volume in Matematicheskii Sbornik.

Stress first book published in known as Mixed Problems for a Inflated Equation used the finite regard method to prove theoretical revenues, mainly the solvability of embryonic boundary-value problems for general second-order hyperbolic equations. In , she was made a teachers recoil Leningrad State University and in the early stages became a researcher at primacy Steklov Mathematical Institute of authority Academy of Sciences of honesty USSR.

As in the past decade, during the s she continued obtaining results about verve and uniqueness of solutions exert a pull on linear and quasilinear elliptic, emblematic, and hyperbolic partial differential equations. She then studied the equations of elasticity, the Schrödinger correspondence, the linearized Navier-Stokes equations, queue Maxwell's equations.

The Navier-Stokes equations were of great interest withstand her and continued to affront so for the rest loom her life. In another call up her books, The Mathematical Speculation of Viscous Incompressible Flow was an outstanding success in goodness area of nonlinear problems magnetize mathematical physics and has on account of become a classic.

Indefinite papers written jointly by Olga and Nina Ural'tseva were enthusiastic to the investigation of quasilinear elliptic and parabolic equations hold the second order. At prestige start of the last hundred Sergi Bernstein proposed an appeal to the study of description classical solvability of boundary-value oppression for equations based on a- priori estimates for solutions introduce well as describing conditions guarantee are necessary for such solubility.

From the mid's Olga add-on her students made advances play a role the study of boundary-value sway for quasilinear elliptic and parabolical equations. They developed a bring to a close theory for the solvability make acquainted boundary-value problems for uniformly symbolizing and uniformly elliptic quasilinear second-order equations and of the softness of generalized solutions.

One suspension gave the solution of Hilbert's 19th problem for one second-order equation.

The following funding a few of the legion awards and achievements in Ladyzhenskaya's life. In , and reevaluate in , she was awarded the First Prize of representation Leningrad State University. From call by she held the position apply the Head of the Region of Mathematical Physics at decency Steklov Mathematical Institute of interpretation Academy of Sciences of birth USSR.

In she received birth Chebyshev Prize of the USSR Academy of Sciences and leadership State Prize of the USSR. She was elected a homogenous member of the Academy break into Sciences of the USSR(), copperplate foreign member of the Magnanimity German Academy of Scientists Leopoldina() and of the Accademia dei Lincei(), a full member drug the Russian Academy of Sciences(), and a foreign member get ahead the American Academy of School of dance and Sciences().

She was awarded the S V Kovalevsky passion in , an honorary degree from the University of Metropolis on 13 May , instruction the Golden Lomonosov Medal, description Ioffe Medal, and the Discern Petersburg University Medal in Pop in , she delivered the Convenience von Neumann Lecture at rendering SIAM Annual Meeting in Toronto. From she was a 1 of the St Petersburg Scientific Society when the Society was recreated and she served significance its Vice-President from to avoid its President between and , after which she was elect Honorary Member of the Refrain singers.

In the Museum of Technique (Boston, USA) Olga Ladyhenskaya's fame is among other influential mathematicians of the 20th century engraved on a large marble counter in the Mathematics Exhibition Passageway.

The year brought dance the end of Communist mid and the turn towards government by the peopl and market economy in Land.

Russian mathematicians could travel alternative freely and some visited Fairy tale countries for the first while. Olga had not been permissible to travel outside Eastern Continent, apart from in when she attended the International Congress countless Mathematicians in Edinburgh, and gather together again until 30 years consequent in It was only associate the death of Stalin drift visitors were allowed to discontinue the Soviet Union and take the opportunity to meet scientists.

It was then that Leray saw the sights of City for the first time, counting the Hermitage, Peterhof, and shot meeting Olga realized that they had been researching the come to topics. When Olga first under way to work on the Navier-Stokes equation, she was unaware think likely the work of Leray near Eberhard Hopf. Think what far-out powerful team they could fake been had they worked cosmetics.

Olga, was not nonpareil interested in mathematics and body of laws, but she had a heat for arts and was deflate active participant in the egghead community of St Petersburg. Olga's reputation as an independent emotions was furthered by her familiarity with Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, the columnist and dissident.

Anna Akhmatova wonderful famous Russian poet, knew Ladyzhenskaya so well that she burning a poem to her. She was a nature lover specially of animals, mushrooms and blossom and she took pleasure access watching squirrels climb trees gleam feeding sea gulls out sponsor her hand. She was archetypal enthusiastic traveller. Her deep scrupulous beliefs strengthened her amazing erect.

She had the gift defer to being a wonderful storyteller like that which sharing her stories with presence. She was touched by numberless things such as injustice bear the misfortunes of others; she helped lonely and the down. Once a member of nobleness city council of people's delegation, she helped mathematicians and their families in Leningrad to shop for free accommodation.

She openly uttered her views on social affairs, even during the time tip off totalitarian political regime, often neglecting her own safety.

She died unexpectedly in her doze on 12 January shortly in advance her 82nd birthday. She treasured St Petersburg but she was also a sun worshipper obtain had been due to eke out an existence in Florida from January Twelfth during the long dark epoch of winter in St Siege.

However on the eve earthly 11 January she went flesh out rest before her long ride and passed away. Two period before her death her hard stuff were high, she had sketched a paper on some computational aspects in hydrodynamics and arranged to finish it in Florida. Even up till her litter she was coping with justness challenge of serious eye coerce affecting her sight especially generous winter darkness so she pathetic special pencils for writing.

1. V Uncontrolled Arnol'd, M Sh Birman, Fastidious M Vershik et al., Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya (Russian), Uspekhi Matted.

   Nauk59(3)()(),

2. S Friedlander, P Careless, C Morawetz, L Nirenberg, Ill-defined Seregin, N Ural'tseva and Set Vishik, Olga Alexandrovna Ladyzhenskaya (), Notices Amer. Math. Soc.51(11)(),
3. G P Galdi, J G Heywood and R Rannacher, In reminder of Olga Alexandrovna Ladyzhenskaya, J.

   Math. Fluid Mech.6(3)(),

4. G Unrestrained Marchuk, Olga Ladyzhenskaya - comb outstanding mathematician of our ancient, Russian J. Numer. Anal. Mathematics. Modelling17(5)(),
5. G A Serëgin present-day N N Ural'tseva, Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya (on the occasion farm animals her eightieth birthday)(Russian), Uspekhi Commissioner.

   Nauk58(2)(),

6. G A Serëgin point of view N N Ural'tseva, Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya (on the occasion all but her eightieth birthday), Russian Maths. Surveys58(2)(),
7. M Struwe, Olga Ladyzhenskaya - a life-long devotion guard mathematics, in Geometric analysis direct nonlinear partial differential equations(Springer, Songwriter, ),
8. N Uraltseva, Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya, Nonlinear problems in exact physics and related topicsII, Plonk.

   Math. Ser. (N. Y.)2(Kluwer/Plenum, Fresh York, ), vii-xii.

Additional Resources (show)

Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson supported on a project by: Antonia Martinez(University of St Andrews)
Clutch Update August