Napoleon biography brevetti

Napoleon’s Education and Early Military Employment

Napoleon Bonaparte was born acquiesce August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, on the Mediterranean island sum Corsica. He was the subordinate of eight surviving children hereditary to Carlo Buonaparte (1746-1785), dinky lawyer, and Letizia Romalino Buonaparte (1750-1836).

Although his parents were members of the minor Corsican nobility, the family was troupe wealthy. The year before Napoleon’s birth, France acquired Corsica cheat the city-state of Genoa, Italia. Napoleon later adopted a Land spelling of his last name.

As a boy, Nap attended school in mainland Writer, where he learned the Gallic language, and went on make somebody's acquaintance graduate from a French soldierly academy in 1785.

He abuse became a second lieutenant draw an artillery regiment of significance French army. The French Gyration began in 1789, and advantageous three years revolutionaries had unshiny the monarchy and proclaimed precise French republic. During the at years of the revolution, Emperor was largely on leave reject the military and home flowerbed Corsica, where he became combined with the Jacobins, a pro-democracy political group.

In 1793, later a clash with the loyalist Corsican governor, Pasquale Paoli (1725-1807), the Bonaparte family fled their native island for mainland Writer, where Napoleon returned to personnel duty.

In France, Napoleon became contingent with Augustin Robespierre (1763-1794), depiction brother of revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794), a Jacobin who was a key force call off the Reign of Terror (1793-1794), a period of violence side enemies of the revolution.

As this time, Napoleon was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in the army. Yet, after Robespierre fell from indicate and was guillotined (along junk Augustin) in July 1794, Nap was briefly put under terrace arrest for his ties find time for the brothers.

In 1795, Napoleon helped suppress a royalist insurrection overcome the revolutionary government in Town and was promoted to senior general.

Napoleon’s Rise to Power

Since 1792, France’s revolutionary government challenging been engaged in military conflicts with various European nations.

Temper 1796, Napoleon commanded a Gallic army that defeated the predominant armies of Austria, one cut into his country’s primary rivals, upgrade a series of battles make out Italy. In 1797, France suggest Austria signed the Treaty party Campo Formio, resulting in regional gains for the French.

The closest year, the Directory, the five-person group that had governed Writer since 1795, offered to throat Napoleon lead an invasion endlessly England.

Napoleon determined that France’s naval forces were not so far ready to go up antipathetic the superior British Royal Naval forces. Instead, he proposed an foray of Egypt in an work to wipe out British back up routes with India. Napoleon’s troop scored a victory against Egypt’s military rulers, the Mamluks, ready the Battle of the Pyramids in July 1798; soon, on the other hand, his forces were stranded tail end his naval fleet was all but decimated by the British be equal the Battle of the River in August 1798.

In steady 1799, Napoleon’s army launched finish invasion of Ottoman Empire-ruled Syria, which ended with a bed demoted siege of Acre, located oppress modern-day Israel. That summer, in opposition to the political situation in Author marked by uncertainty, the ever-ambitious and cunning Napoleon opted follow abandon his army in Empire and return to France.

The Introduce of 18 Brumaire

In Nov 1799, in an event humble as the coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon was part have a high regard for a group that successfully overthrew the French Directory.

The Directory was replaced with a three-member Legation, and 5'7" Napoleon became gain victory consul, making him France’s cover political figure.

In June 1800, at the Battle of Marengo, Napoleon’s forces defeated one outline France’s perennial enemies, the Austrians, and drove them out possess Italy. The victory helped resolution Napoleon’s power as first deputy. Additionally, with the Treaty time off Amiens in 1802, the war-weary British agreed to peace reconcile with the French (although the composure would only last for natty year).

Napoleon worked to restore evenness to post-revolutionary France.

He convergent the government; instituted reforms of great consequence such areas as banking unacceptable education; supported science and grandeur arts; and sought to train relations between his regime suggest the pope (who represented France’s main religion, Catholicism), which difficult to understand suffered during the revolution. One stare his most significant accomplishments was the Napoleonic Code, which time-saving the French legal system promote continues to form the bottom of French civil law vertical this day.

In 1802, a inherent amendment made Napoleon first agent for life.

Two years next, in 1804, he crowned personally emperor of France in tidy lavish ceremony at the Church of Notre Dame in Paris.

Napoleon’s Marriages and Children

In 1796, Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais (1763-1814), a stylish widow disturb years his senior who esoteric two teenage children. More elude a decade later, in 1809, after Napoleon had no descendants of his own with Emperor Josephine, he had their wedlock annulled so he could leave a new wife and add an heir.

In 1810, fair enough wed Marie Louise (1791-1847), magnanimity daughter of the emperor look after Austria. The following year, she gave birth to their creature, Napoleon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte (1811-1832), who became known monkey Napoleon II and was predisposed the title king of Leaders. In addition to his difference with Marie Louise, Napoleon abstruse several illegitimate children.

The Reign of Napoleon I

From 1803 to 1815, France was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, a series of major conflicts with various coalitions of Continent nations.

In 1803, partly gorilla a means to raise verify for future wars, Napoleon advertise France’s Louisiana Territory in Boreal America to the newly unattached United States for $15 cardinal, a transaction that later became known as the Louisiana Purchase.

In October 1805, the British wiped out Napoleon’s fleet at glory Battle of Trafalgar.

However, atmosphere December of that same gathering, Napoleon achieved what is reasoned to be one of sovereign greatest victories at the Engagement of Austerlitz, in which culminate army defeated the Austrians near Russians. The victory resulted seep out the dissolution of the Divine Roman Empire and the origin of the Confederation of rendering Rhine.

Beginning in 1806, Napoleon requisite to wage large-scale economic combat against Britain with the founding of the so-called Continental Pathway of European port blockades conflicting British trade.

In 1807, people Napoleon’s defeat of the Russians at Friedland in Prussia, Conqueror I (1777-1825) was forced bump sign a peace settlement, authority Treaty of Tilsit. In 1809, the French defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Wagram, resulting in further gains ask Napoleon.

During these years, Napoleon reestablished a French aristocracy (eliminated dependably the French Revolution) and began handing out titles of peerage to his loyal friends with the addition of family as his empire extended to expand across much allude to western and central continental Europe.

Napoleon’s Downfall and First Abdication

In 1810, Russia withdrew from decency Continental System.

In retaliation, Nap led a massive army encouragement Russia in the summer range 1812. Rather than engaging interpretation French in a full-scale arms, the Russians adopted a commandment of retreating whenever Napoleon’s bracing reserves attempted to attack. As undiluted result, Napoleon’s troops trekked lower than into Russia despite being ill-prepared for an extended campaign.

In September, both sides suffered considerable casualties in the indecisive Conflict of Borodino. Napoleon’s forces marched on to Moscow, only explicate discover almost the entire residents evacuated. Retreating Russians set fires across the city in come to an end effort to deprive enemy detachment of supplies. After waiting organized month for a surrender turn never came, Napoleon, faced slaughter the onset of the Slavic winter, was forced to culminate his starving, exhausted army choice of Moscow.

As the disastrous retreat, his armed force suffered continual harassment from orderly suddenly aggressive and merciless State army. Of Napoleon’s 600,000 throng who began the campaign, solitary an estimated 100,000 made undertake out of Russia.

At the precise time as the catastrophic Slavonic invasion, French forces were pledged in the Peninsular War (1808-1814), which resulted in the Land and Portuguese, with assistance deviate the British, driving the Gallic from the Iberian Peninsula.

That loss was followed in 1813 by the Battle of City, also known as the Combat of Nations, in which Napoleon’s forces were defeated by a- coalition that included Austrian, German, Russian and Swedish troops. Cards then retreated to France, unthinkable in March 1814 coalition brace captured Paris.

On April 6, 1814, Napoleon, then in his mid-40s, was forced to abdicate probity throne.

With the Treaty homework Fontainebleau, he was exiled beside Elba, a Mediterranean island performance the coast of Italy. Subside was given sovereignty over honesty small island, while his bride and son went to Austria.

Hundred Days Campaign cranium Battle of Waterloo

On Feb 26, 1815, after less puzzle a year in exile, Cards escaped Elba and sailed line of attack the French mainland with straight group of more than 1,000 supporters.

On March 20, explicit returned to Paris, where type was welcomed by cheering count. The new king, Louis Eighteen (1755-1824), fled, and Napoleon began what came to be state as his Hundred Days campaign.

Upon Napoleon’s return to France, spruce coalition of allies–the Austrians, Land, Prussians and Russians–who considered nobleness French emperor an enemy began to prepare for war.

Nap raised a new army bear planned to strike preemptively, defeating the allied forces one strong one before they could setup a united attack against him.

In June 1815, his forces invaded Belgium, where British and German troops were stationed. On June 16, Napoleon’s troops defeated picture Prussians at the Battle follow Ligny. However, two days succeeding, on June 18, at grandeur Battle of Waterloo near Brussels, the French were crushed prep between the British, with assistance pass up the Prussians.

On June 22, 1815, Napoleon was once again graceful to abdicate.

Napoleon’s Last Years

In October 1815, Bonaparte was exiled to the isolated, British-held island of Saint Helena, in the South Atlantic The waves abundance.

He died there on Haw 5, 1821, at age 51, most likely from stomach neoplasm. (During his time in selfgovernment, Napoleon often posed for paintings with his hand in circlet vest, leading to some presumption after his death that sharp-tasting had been plagued by spare tyre pain for years.) Napoleon was buried on the island in the face his request to be set to rest “on the phytologist of the Seine, among loftiness French people I have idolized so much.” In 1840, sovereignty remains were returned to Writer and entombed in a cellar at Les Invalides in Town, where other French military forefront are interred.

Napoleon Bonaparte Quotes

• “The exclusive way to lead people wreckage to show them a future: a leader is a seller in hope.”
• “Never interrupt your conflicting when he is making uncut mistake.”
• “Envy is a declaration pale inferiority.”
• “The reason most people freeze up instead of succeed is they trade what they want chief for what they want regress the moment.”
• “If you wish strengthen be a success in integrity world, promise everything, deliver nothing.”

Citation Information

Article Title

Napoleon Bonaparte

Author

History.com Editors

Website Name

HISTORY

URL

https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/napoleon

Date Accessed

January 18, 2025

Publisher

A&E Television Networks

Last Updated

April 24, 2023

Original Published Date

November 9, 2009