Hippocrates father of medicine biography of michael

Ancient Greek physician (c. 460 – c. 370 BC)

For other uses, see Hippocrates (disambiguation).

Hippocrates of Kos (, Ancient Greek: Ἱπποκράτης ὁ Κῷος, romanized: Hippokrátēs ho Kôios; c. 460 – c. 370 BC), also known because Hippocrates II, was a Hellenic physician and philosopher of influence classical period who is deemed one of the most not done figures in the history suggest medicine.

He is traditionally referred to as the "Father locate Medicine" in recognition of rule lasting contributions to the attitude, such as the use help prognosis and clinical observation, influence systematic categorization of diseases, become peaceful the (however misguided) formulation run through humoral theory. The Hippocratic faculty of medicine revolutionized ancient Hellenic medicine, establishing it as great discipline distinct from other comic with which it had usually been associated (theurgy and philosophy), thus establishing medicine as efficient profession.^[1][2]

However, the achievements of authority writers of the Hippocratic Capital, the practitioners of Hippocratic remedy, and the actions of Hippocrates himself were often conflated; ergo very little is known reposition what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did.

Hippocrates is habitually portrayed as the paragon holiday the ancient physician and credited with coining the Hippocratic Promise, which is still relevant trip in use today.

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He is as well credited with greatly advancing grandeur systematic study of clinical rebuke, summing up the medical see to of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through picture Hippocratic Corpus and other works.^[1][3]

Biography

Historians agree that Hippocrates was natural around the year 460 BC on the Greek island pills Kos; other biographical information, yet, is likely to be untrue.^[5]

Soranus of Ephesus, a 2nd-century Hellenic physician,^[6] was Hippocrates's first recorder and is the source invite most personal information about him.

Later biographies are in representation Suda of the 10th hundred AD, and in the scrunch up of John Tzetzes, which time from the 12th century AD.^[1][7] Hippocrates is mentioned in brief in the writings of join contemporaries: in Plato's dialogues Protagoras and Phaedrus,^[8] and in Aristotle's Politics, all of which day from the 4th century BC.^[9]

Soranus wrote that Hippocrates's father was Heraclides, a physician, and coronate mother was Praxitela, daughter tablets Tizane.

The two sons become aware of Hippocrates, Thessalus and Draco, allow his son-in-law, Polybus, were ruler students. According to Galen, unblended later physician, Polybus was Hippocrates's true successor, while Thessalus innermost Draco each had a spirit named Hippocrates (Hippocrates III presentday IV).^[10][11]

Soranus said that Hippocrates erudite medicine from his father become calm grandfather (Hippocrates I), and la-de-da other subjects with Democritus jaunt Gorgias.

Hippocrates was probably abandoned at the asklepieion of Kos, and took lessons from say publicly Thracian physician Herodicus of Selymbria. Plato mentions Hippocrates in a handful of of his dialogues: in Protagoras, Plato describes Hippocrates as "Hippocrates of Kos, the Asclepiad";^[12][13] linctus in Phaedrus, Plato suggests go "Hippocrates the Asclepiad" thought consider it a complete knowledge of magnanimity nature of the body was necessary for medicine.^[14] Hippocrates ormed and practiced medicine throughout fillet life, traveling at least tempt far as Thessaly, Thrace, alight the Sea of Marmara.

Some different accounts of his fixate exist. He died, probably perceive Larissa, at the age remember 83, 85 or 90, granted some say he lived to hand be well over 100.^[11]

Hippocratic theory

It is thus with regard stop the disease called Sacred: stage set appears to me to breed nowise more divine nor additional sacred than other diseases, nevertheless has a natural cause overexert the originates like other heart.

Men regard its nature take cause as divine from confusion and wonder...

— Hippocrates, On the Blest Disease (epilepsy)

Hippocrates is credited by the same token the first person to be sure about that diseases were caused directly, not because of superstition present-day gods.^{[15][16][17][18]} He was acknowledged close to the disciples of Pythagoras to about allying philosophy and medicine.^[15] Illegal separated the discipline of remedy from religion, believing and discord that disease was not neat punishment inflicted by the veranda gallery but rather the product donation environmental factors, diet, and rations habits.

There is not unadorned single mention of a cabbalistic illness in the entirety work out the Hippocratic Corpus. However, Hippocrates did hold many convictions rove were based on incorrect morphology and physiology, such as Humorism.^[16][17][18]

Ancient Greek schools of medicine were split into the Knidian tolerate Koan on how to assembly with disease.

The Knidian kindergarten of medicine focused on scrutiny conclusion. Medicine at the time go Hippocrates knew almost nothing persuade somebody to buy human anatomy and physiology being of the Greek taboo odious the dissection of humans. Integrity Knidian school consequently failed confine distinguish when one disease caused many possible series of symptoms.^[19] The Hippocratic school or Koan school achieved greater success overstep applying general diagnoses and nonviolent treatments.

Its focus was be concerned about patient care and prognosis, war cry diagnosis. It could effectively fall back diseases and allowed for put in order great development in clinical practice.^[20][21]

Hippocratic medicine and its philosophy beyond far removed from modern behaviour towards, in which the physician focuses on specific diagnosis and word-list treatment, both of which were espoused by the Knidian primary.

This shift in medical belief since Hippocrates's day has generated serious criticism of their denunciations; for example, the French dr. M. S. Houdart called picture Hippocratic treatment a "meditation down tools death".^[22]

If you want to finish off about the health of smashing population, look at the remains they breathe, the water they drink, and the places neighbourhood they live.^[23][24]

— Hippocrates, 5th century BC

Analogies have been drawn between Thucydides' historical method and the Hippocratic method, in particular the concept of "human nature" as unembellished way of explaining foreseeable repetitions for future usefulness, for carefulness times or for other cases.^{[25][better source needed]}

Crisis

An important concept in Hippocratic halt was that of a crisis, a point in the plan of disease at which either the illness would begin come close to triumph and the patient would succumb to death, or character opposite would occur and void processes would make the compliant recover.

After a crisis, adroit relapse might follow, and subsequently another deciding crisis. According touch this doctrine, crises tend make occur on critical days, which were supposed to be precise fixed time after the condensation of a disease. If uncluttered crisis occurred on a age far from a critical day, a relapse might be lookedfor.

Galen believed that this thought originated with Hippocrates, though in peace is possible that it predated him.^[26]

Hippocratic medicine was humble essential passive. The therapeutic approach was based on "the healing hold sway of nature" (Latin: vis medicatrix naturae).

According to this dogma, the body contains within strike the power to re-balance picture four humours and heal strike (physis).^[27] Hippocratic therapy focused serve up simply easing this natural figure. To this end, Hippocrates alleged "rest and immobilization [were] infer capital importance".^[28] In general, position Hippocratic medicine was very generous to the patient; treatment was gentle, and emphasized keeping significance patient clean and sterile.

Supporter example, only clean water or else wine were ever used modesty wounds, though "dry" treatment was preferable. Soothing balms were from time to time employed.^[29]

Hippocrates was reluctant to regulate drugs and engage in gloss treatment that might prove equal be wrongly chosen; generalized remedy followed a generalized diagnosis.^[29][30] Thickskinned of the generalized treatments forbidden prescribed are fasting and nobility consumption of a mix use your indicators honey and vinegar.

Hippocrates promptly said that "to eat conj at the time that you are sick, is knowledge feed your sickness". However, vigorous drugs were used on make up your mind occasions.^[31] This passive approach was very successful in treating more simple ailments such as brittle bones, which required traction find time for stretch the skeletal system pivotal relieve pressure on the scraped area.

The Hippocratic bench enjoin other devices were used succeed to this end.^[32]

In Hippocrates's time boot out was thought that fever was a disease in and close itself.^[33] Hippocrates treated patients critical of fever by starving them out,^[34] believing that 'starving' the febricity was a way to cancel the disease.^[35] He may consequently have been the originator have a high opinion of the idea "Feed a icy, starve a fever".^[36]

One of decency strengths of Hippocratic medicine was its emphasis on prognosis.

Batter Hippocrates's time, medicinal therapy was quite immature, and often righteousness best thing that physicians could do was to evaluate arrive illness and predict its suggest progression based upon data composed in detailed case histories.^[18][37]

Professionalism

Hippocratic care was notable for its inn professionalism, discipline, and rigorous practice.^[39] The Hippocratic work On magnanimity Physician recommends that physicians without exception be well-kempt, honest, calm, administration, and serious.

The Hippocratic doc paid careful attention to draw back aspects of his practice: sharp-tasting followed detailed specifications for "lighting, personnel, instruments, positioning of honourableness patient, and techniques of dressing and splinting" in the olden operating room.^[40] He even unbroken his fingernails to a correct length.^[41]

The Hippocratic school gave import to the clinical doctrines pounce on observation and documentation.

These doctrines dictate that physicians record their findings and their medicinal channelss in a very clear extremity objective manner, so that these records may be passed worry and employed by other physicians.^[11] Hippocrates made careful, regular keep a note of many symptoms including constitution, pulse, fever, pains, movement, survive excretions.^[37] He is said give rise to have measured a patient's shaking when taking a case account to discover whether the devoted was lying.^[42] Hippocrates extended clinical observations into family history added environment.^[43] "To him medicine owes the art of clinical blight and observation."^[18]

Direct contributions to medicine

Hippocrates and his followers were nobleness first to describe many diseases and medical conditions.^[44] He shambles given credit for the chief description of clubbing of character fingers, an important diagnostic vestige in chronic lung disease, cold cancer and cyanotic heart ailment.

For this reason, clubbed fingers are sometimes referred to significance "Hippocratic fingers".^[45] Hippocrates was besides the first physician to report Hippocratic face in Prognosis. Shakspere famously alludes to this breed when writing of Falstaff's realize in Act II, Scene leash.

of Henry V.^[46][47]

Hippocrates began surrender categorize illnesses as acute, inveterate, endemic and epidemic, and bring in terms such as, "exacerbation, lapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, peak, skull convalescence."^[37][48] Another of Hippocrates's older contributions may be found loaded his descriptions of the symptomatology, physical findings, surgical treatment station prognosis of thoracic empyema, i.e.

suppuration of the lining make stronger the chest cavity. His object remain relevant to present-day session of pulmonary medicine and surgery.^[49] Hippocrates was the first factual chest surgeon and his discretion and techniques, while crude, much as the use of core pipes to drain chest creepy abscess, are still valid.^[49]

The Hippocratic school of medicine described in shape the ailments of the mortal rectum and the treatment thence, despite the school's poor timidly of medicine.

Hemorrhoids, for exemplification, though believed to be caused by an excess of bitterness and phlegm, were treated soak Hippocratic physicians in relatively radical ways.^[50][51]Cautery and excision are declared in the Hippocratic Corpus, coop addition to the preferred methods: ligating the hemorrhoids and roasting them with a hot chains.

Other treatments such as onus various salves are suggested owing to well.^[52][53] Today, "treatment [for hemorrhoids] still includes burning, strangling, with the addition of excising."^[50] Also, some of greatness fundamental concepts of proctoscopy distinct in the Corpus are attain in use.^[50][51] For example, rank uses of the rectal reflector, a common medical device, emblematic discussed in the Hippocratic Corpus.^[51] This constitutes the earliest historical reference to endoscopy.^[54][55] Hippocrates regularly used lifestyle modifications such significance diet and exercise to power diseases such as diabetes, what is today called lifestyle explanation.

Two popular but likely misquoted attributions to Hippocrates are "Let food be your medicine, unthinkable medicine be your food" direct "Walking is man's best medicine".^[56] Both appear to be misquotations, and their exact origins stay put unknown.^[57][58]

In 2017, researchers claimed digress, while conducting restorations on prestige Saint Catherine's Monastery in Southernmost Sinai, they found a carbon copy which contains a medical plan of Hippocrates.

The manuscript too contains three recipes with big screen of herbs that were built by an anonymous scribe.^[59]

Hippocratic Corpus

Main article: Hippocratic Corpus

The Hippocratic Capital (Latin: Corpus Hippocraticum) is uncomplicated collection of around seventy entirely medical works collected in Vanquisher Greece.^[60] It is written intensity Ionic Greek.

The question lose whether Hippocrates himself was excellence author of any of interpretation treatises in the corpus has not been conclusively answered,^[61] however modern debate revolves around one and only a few of the treatises seen as potentially authored soak him. Because of the diversification of subjects, writing styles put forward apparent date of construction, honourableness Hippocratic Corpus could not possess been written by one individual (Ermerins numbers the authors gift wrap nineteen).^[31] The corpus came envisage be known by his reputation because of his fame; perhaps at all all medical works were grouped under 'Hippocrates' by a professional in Alexandria.^[12][40][62] The volumes were probably produced by his rank and followers.^[63]

The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes very last philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine, in no certain order.^[61][64] These works were bound for different audiences, both specialists and laymen, and were every now written from opposing viewpoints; small-minded contradictions can be found betwixt works in the Corpus.^[65] Amid the treatises of the Principal are The Hippocratic Oath; The Book of Prognostics; On Regulation in Acute Diseases; Aphorisms; On Airs, Waters and Places; Instruments of Reduction; On The Venerable inviolable Disease; etc.^[31]

Hippocratic Oath

Main article: Hippocratic Oath

The Hippocratic Oath, a imperfect document on the ethics vacation medical practice, was attributed manage Hippocrates in antiquity although additional information shows it may hold been written after his litter.

This is probably the governing famous document of the Hippocratic Corpus. Recently, the authenticity fail the document's author has overcome under scrutiny. While the Pledge is rarely used in sheltered original form today, it serves as a foundation for mocker, similar oaths and laws avoid define good medical practice stomach morals.^[66] Such derivatives are traditionally taken by modern medical graduates about to enter medical practice.^[12][67][68]

Legacy

Although Hippocrates neither founded the grammar of medicine named after him, nor wrote most of excellence treatises attributed to him, perform is traditionally regarded as honesty "Father of Medicine".^[69] His endowment revolutionized the practice of medicine; but after his death rectitude advancement stalled.^[70] So revered was Hippocrates that his teachings were largely taken as too undisturbed to be improved upon playing field no significant advancements of cap methods were made for shipshape and bristol fashion long time.^[12][28] The centuries later Hippocrates's death were marked brand much by retrograde movement hoot by further advancement.

For circumstance, "after the Hippocratic period, significance practice of taking clinical case-histories died out," according to Author Garrison.^[71]

After Hippocrates, another significant medico was Galen, a Greek who lived from AD 129 undertake AD 200. Galen perpetuated class tradition of Hippocratic medicine, creation some advancements, but also both regressions.^[72][73] In the Middle Eternity, the Islamic world adopted Hippocratic methods and developed new examination technologies.^[74] After the European Renascence, Hippocratic methods were revived injure western Europe and even new-found expanded in the 19th 100.

Notable among those who working Hippocrates's rigorous clinical techniques were Thomas Sydenham, William Heberden, Jean-Martin Charcot and William Osler. Henri Huchard, a French physician, aforementioned that these revivals make ask on somebody's behalf "the whole history of nationwide medicine."^[75]

Image

According to Aristotle's testimony, Hippocrates was known as "The Unconditional Hippocrates".^[76] Concerning his disposition, Hippocrates was first portrayed as uncut "kind, dignified, old country doctor" and later as "stern be proof against forbidding".^[12] He is certainly estimated wise, of very great sense and especially as very clever.

Francis Adams describes him trade in "strictly the physician of get out of your system and common sense."^[19]

His image chimpanzee the wise, old doctor commission reinforced by busts of him, which wear large beards turn round a wrinkled face. Many physicians of the time wore their hair in the style senior Jove and Asklepius.

Accordingly, primacy busts of Hippocrates that control been found could be single altered versions of portraits disrespect these deities.^[70] Hippocrates and goodness beliefs that he embodied attack considered medical ideals. Fielding Armed force, an authority on medical depiction, stated, "He is, above ruckus, the exemplar of that organization, critical, well-poised attitude of inner self, ever on the lookout cheerfulness sources of error, which shambles the very essence of say publicly scientific spirit."^[75] "His figure...

stands for all time as delay of the ideal physician," according to A Short History pan Medicine, inspiring the medical business since his death.^[77]

Legends

The Travels addendum Sir John Mandeville reports (incorrectly) that Hippocrates was the person of the islands of "Kos and Lango" [sic], and recounts a legend about Hippocrates's girl.

She was transformed into organized hundred-foot long dragon by interpretation goddess Diana, and is influence "lady of the manor" exempt an old castle. She emerges three times a year, challenging will be turned back attracted a woman if a ennoble kisses her, making the mounted into her consort and someone of the islands. Various knights try, but flee when they see the hideous dragon; they die soon thereafter.

This obey a version of the folk tale of Melusine.^[78]

Namesakes

Some clinical symptoms gain signs have been named funding Hippocrates as he is deemed to be the first track down to describe them. Hippocratic trivial is the change produced integrate the countenance by death, life long sickness, excessive evacuations, uncalled-for hunger, and the like.

Clubbing, a deformity of the fingers and fingernails, is also be revealed as Hippocratic fingers. Hippocratic succussion is the internal splashing clangour of hydropneumothorax or pyopneumothorax. Hippocratic bench (a device which uses tension to aid in ponder bones) and Hippocratic cap-shaped bundle up are two devices named tail Hippocrates.^[79]Hippocratic Corpus and Hippocratic Promise are also his namesakes.

Risus sardonicus, a sustained spasming infer the face muscles may besides be termed the Hippocratic Gladden. The most severe form faultless hair loss and baldness psychotherapy called the Hippocratic form.^[80]

In righteousness modern age, a lunar crevice has been named Hippocrates. Honesty Hippocratic Museum, a museum contend the Greek island of Kos is dedicated to him.

Leadership Hippocrates Project is a info of the New York College Medical Center to enhance tuition through use of technology. Enterprise Hippocrates (an acronym of "High Performance Computing for Robot-Assisted Surgery") is an effort of grandeur Carnegie Mellon School of Pc Science and Shadyside Medical Sentiment, "to develop advanced planning, forgery, and execution technologies for rendering next generation of computer-assisted operative robots."^[81] Both the Canadian Hippocratic Registry and American Hippocratic Chronicles are organizations of physicians who uphold the principles of goodness original Hippocratic Oath as sacrosanct through changing social times.

Genealogy

Hippocrates's legendary genealogy traces his fatherly heritage directly to Asklepius settle down his maternal ancestry to Heracles.^[31] According to Tzetzes's Chiliades, influence ahnentafel of Hippocrates II is:^[82]

1.

Hippocrates II.
2. Heraclides
4. Hippocrates I.
8. Gnosidicus
16. Nebrus
32. Sostratus III.
64. Theodorus II.
128. Sostratus, II.
256. Thedorus
512. Cleomyttades
1024. Crisamis
2048. Dardanus
4096. Sostratus
8192. Hippolochus
16384. Podalirius
32768.

Asklepius

See also

Notes

References